Question 8
(a) (i) What is soil pollution? [2 marks]
(ii) State four consequences of noise pollution. [4 marks]
(b) (i) Name three substances that are passed from mother to foetus. [3 marks]
(ii) Mention the process in which substances are passed from mother to foetus. [5 marks]
(c) Explain the following stages in reproduction:
(i) dilation stage; [2 marks]
(ii) expulsion stage. [2 marks]
(d) State six effects of alcoholism. [6 marks]
Observation
Many candidates misconstrued mother to child transmission for reproductive process, hence answers related to reproduction were mostly provided in question 8 (b)(i). General definition of pollution was given as many candidates failed to specifically define soil pollution.
The expected answers are:
(a) (i) Soil Pollution
This is contamination of soil with pollutants / chemicals/pesticides/fertilizers; that destroy the soil purity; and make the soil harmful to living organisms.
(ii) Consequences of noise pollution
- tension is very high
- high blood pressure/hypertension
- irritation to humans
- fatigue may set-in
- deafness
- changes in human behavior/emotion
- affects sleep/health menace
(b)(i) Substances that are passed from mother to foetus
- oxygen
- vitamins
- minerals
- protein/amino acid/food nutrients
- glucose
- water
- hormones
- Note: spellings must be correct to score
(ii) Process through which substances are passed from mother to foetus
Diffusion
Note: spellings must be correct to score
(c) Explanation on the terms in relation to reproduction
- Dilation stage
This is a situation in which the cervix of the uterus expands/stretches; to allow
the baby to come out.
(ii) Expulsion stage
This is a period in which the baby is pushed out; delivered from the mother’s womb.
(d) Effects of alcoholism
- Lack of self-control/leads to accidents
- impaired judgment
- it makes one less inhibited
- decrease in muscular control
- results to death
- leads to unconsciousness/dizziness
- leads to malnutrition
- causes illness/ulcers