Observation

This question was attempted by many candidates and their performance was good. In 3(b), some candidates were explaining pathology as a bridge between science and medicine.

The expected answers are as follows: 

(a) Functions of the Lumbar vertebrae in humans

• Bears the weight of the body
• Helps  maintain the right/proper weight of the body
• Helps to prevent sagging in tall people at old age/good posture
• It supports the waist of females during pregnancies
• Provides attachment for abdominal muscles
• Encases/protects the spinal cord/nerves
• Provides passages for blood vessels/nerves

                       
(b) Explanation of terms
  (i) Pathology:
This is the study of the causes; and effects of diseases.
OR
This is the science and study of nature of diseases.               
(ii) Pathogen:
This is an organism; that causes disease.
OR
This is a disease; causing organism.