Observation

Some candidates were able to:

• State the difference between a dependent and independent scaffold;
• State three functions of a kerb.

However, majority of them were unable to Sketch a section through a drain-pipe laid in a trench and label the following:

-           haunch;
-           drain pipe.

5 (a)     The difference between a dependent and independent scaffold:

Dependent scaffold:

• dependent scaffold rests on the wall for support on one side;
• the working platform rests directly on putlogs;
• it has one row of standards.

 Independent scaffold:

• independent scaffold is self supporting;
• the working platform rests on transoms;
• it has two rows of standards.

(b)    A section through a drain-pipe laid in a trench and labelling of haunch and drainpipe.

(c) Functions of a kerb:

• It resists the lateral thrust of the carriageway;    
• It defines the carriage limits;                                    
• It directs the flow of surface water to gullies;                                                      
• It supports the footpaths and verges;
• It protects the footpaths and verges;
• It guides vehicles from skipping off the road.