(a)      Explain the following terms:           
             (i)        kyphosis;        (ii)scoliosis.                                                                   [4 marks]

     (b)    (i)       List five causes of postural defects.                                                   [5 marks]

             (ii)      State two corrective measures for postural defects.                     [2 marks]

     (c)(i)    What is hygiene?                                                                                     [3 marks]

(ii)State four ways of taking care of the skin.                                      [4 marks]

(iii)Name two factors which can alter the internal environment of the body.

                                                                                                                                   [2 marks]

This question was attempted by many candidates but their performance in it was poor.

In part (a) candidates could not explain the meaning of  kyphosis  and scoliosis.  In part (c)(iii) candidates could not name factors which can alter the internal environment of the body.

The expected answers were as follows:       

 (a)       Explanation of terms
  (i)       Kyphosis
This is an exaggeration of the backward curve of the thoraxic vertebrae; in extreme cases it is known as hunchback.
                                                                OR   
            Is an excessive curve of the spine between the shoulder blade producing a hump.
                                         
(ii)        Scoliosis
            This is the lateral curvature of the spine or lower part of the spine.
                                                                                                                
(iii)      Factors which can alter the  Internal Environment of the body  

• blood sugar;
• excess salt;
• excess water;
• temperature.
• pH (acidity/alkalinity).