Question 1
(a) State four differences between freehold and leasehold land tenure systems. (4 marks)
(b) Highlight three aims of the International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA). (3 marks)
(c) Give six reasons why agriculture has not been fully mechanized in West Africa. (6 marks)
(d)Mention five precautions that should be taken when using a knapsack sprayer. (5 marks)
Observation
Question 1 was the most popular among candidates.
(a) Majority of candidates were able to differentiate between freehold and leasehold land tenure
systems as well as give reasons why agriculture has not been fully mechanized in West Africa.
(b) In Question 1 (b), many candidates displayed lack of understanding of the aims of ILCA
and responses were poor. Furthermore, many candidates in Question 1(d) were mentioning the
maintenance practices of the knapsack sprayer instead of the precautions taken while using it;
thus losing marks.
The expected answers include:
(a) Differences between freehold and leasehold land tenure systems
Freehold land tenure system |
Leasehold land tenure system |
- Total acquisition of land for a fee |
- Temporary use of land for a stated |
- Land can be used as collateral for |
- Land cannot be used as collateral for |
- Permanent crops can be grown on the |
- Permanent crops cannot be grown on |
- Permanent farm buildings and |
- Permanent farm buildings and |
- The original owner loses the right of |
- The original owner (leasor) does not |
- Complete freedom on the use of land/can be inherited/transferred/sold |
- Restriction on use of land |
(b) Aims of the International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA)
- Promote the rearing of animals within Africa
- Breed animals that are resistant to pests/control
- Breed animals that are resistant to diseases/control
- Breed animals that mature early/fast growth rate
- Breed animals with high quality products e.g. meat, milk, eggs, hide and skin
- Breed animals with high production capabilities
- Breed animals that can adapt to the climate in Africa
- Promote the nutritional quality of livestock feeds
(c) Reasons why agriculture has not been fully mechanized in West Africa
- Land fragmentation issues/small farm holdings/ land tenure system
- Nature/type of farming system practiced
- High cost of farm machinery
- Scarcity of machine spare parts
- Varied soil types
- Inadequate extension services
- Inadequate storage facilities
- Inadequate finance
- Poor/inadequate access roads/ infrastructures in rural areas
- High cost of maintenance of farm machines
- Poor market structure to encourage large scale production
- Low level of technical knowledge of farm machinery
- Inadequate processing facilities
- Topography/terrain
- Underutilization of farm machines
(d) Precautions that should be taken when using a knapsack sprayer
- Wear protective clothing e.g., goggles and nose mask
- Do not spray when it is windy
- Do not spray when it is sunny
- Direct spray away from the body
- Do not blow blocked nozzles with the mouth
- Do not eat, drink or smoke during or shortly after spraying
- Wash body thoroughly after spray
- Adhere to manufacturer’s instructions
- Do not spray when it is raining