This question was the least among the candidates because a diagram was required. The few candidates who attempted the question could not draw properly a typical vertebrate and hence scored low marks. Some candidates could not properly represent Centrum and neural spine, some candidates drew the spinal cord. Again the candidates performed poorly in spelling of labels; only a few candidates could correctly spell prezagapophysis.
well as outlining the functions of the kidney, expected answers are: - ..
Functions of Labelled parts
Neural spine - for muscle attachment
Neural canal - passage for spinal cord
Neural arch - roof of neural canal/protects neural canal
Centrum - provides support and protection
Facets - for articulation with adjacent vertebra
Transverse process - muscle attachment.
Functions of the kidney
- .Maintains pH levels; by the exchange/reabsorption of ions; if there is a rise in the alkalinity or acidity or the blood.
- Osmoregulation; if the water level in the body is high/low osmotic
- Concentration more water is lost in the urinary tubes and if the water level is. low/high osmotic concentration more water is reabsorbed in the urinary tubules.
- Formation of urine; blood rich in urea are filtered under high pressure in the kidney leading to the formation of urine.
- Excretion, removal of toxic substances/named e.g. urea, carbon iv oxide.
