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Question 8
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(a) In a tabular form, distinguish. between the following terms as used in animal nutrition:
(i) roughages and concentrates. [3 marks]
(ii) basal feeds and supplements. [3 marks]
(b) With the aid of a labelled diagram describe 1h\e :process of egg formation. in poultry. [10 marks]
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This question was not well answered by most candidates who attempted it. In questions 8(a), most candidates could not distinguish between roughages and c concentrates; basal feeds and supplements. Also in question 8(b), many candidate were unable to describe the process of egg formation in poultry with the aid of a labelled diagram. The expected answer include:
Roughages |
Concentrate |
| Have a high fibre content |
Have a low fibre content |
| They are bulky |
They are not bulky |
| Less digestible |
Are easily digested by animals |
| Low in digestible nutrients |
High in digested nutrients |
Supplies both energy and vitamins In smaller quantities |
Supplies energy and vitamins In larger quantities |
Have laxative effects on the animal and help to prevent constipation |
Less laxative, tend to constipate |
Basal Feeds |
Supplements |
They have high proportion of easilyDigestible carbohydrates |
They have low proportion of easily Digestible carbohydrates |
They are high in energy |
They are low in energy |
| They have low protein content |
They have high protein content |
They are low in fibre content |
They are lower in fibre content |
They are usually low in vitamins and minerals. |
They are usually very high in minerals and vitamins |
Process of egg formation in poultry:
Magnum, Isthmus, Usterus 
Cervix Vagina
Description
As each ovum matures, it leaves the ovary and enters the: oviduct through the infundubulum/funnel
The egg cell enters the oviduct to the magnum, where it stays for 3 hour
The egg cell is completely covered by albumen (egg white) and chalazas in the magnum
It stays for 11/2 hours in the isthmus where shell membranes are laid
The shape of the egg is determined at the isthmus
Finally it stays for 18-21 hours in the uterus where it takes on a hard shell made of calcium Carbonate (lime) secreted by the shell gland
Pigments and egg colour are produced in the shell gland incorporated into the shell
it stays for 15 minutes in the vagina from where it is expelled through the cloaca/vent |
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